Mirror reflective element

ABSTRACT

A variable reflectance vehicular electro-optic rearview mirror reflective element assembly includes a front substrate and a rear substrate and a perimeter seal disposed therebetween. The front substrate has a first surface and a second surface that has a transparent electrically conductive coating disposed thereat. The rear substrate has a third surface and a fourth surface, with the third surface having a conductive coating disposed thereat. The perimeter seal spaces the front and rear substrates apart and forms an interpane cavity therebetween. The third surface conductive coating includes a plurality of layers, which includes a first layer of nickel chromium. The first layer of nickel chromium is overcoated with a silver or silver alloy layer, and the silver or silver alloy layer is overcoated with a second layer of nickel chromium, and the second layer of nickel chromium is overcoated with a reflective layer.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the filing benefit of U.S. provisionalapplications, Ser. No. 61/567,448, filed Dec. 6, 2011; and Ser. No.61/485,794, filed May 13, 2011, which are hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to reflective element assembliesfor rearview mirrors of vehicles and, more particularly, toelectro-optic or electrochromic reflective element assemblies ofvehicles.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Automotive electrochromic mirror reflective element cell assembliestypically include a front substrate and a rear substrate and anelectrochromic medium sandwiched therebetween and contained within aninterpane cavity, typically with the electrochromic medium sandwichedbetween a transparent electrically conductive coating on a secondsurface of the front substrate and a mirror reflector on a third surfaceof the rear substrate. In order to achieve a desired electrical surfaceresistance at the third surface of a third surface reflector mirrorreflective element, a relatively thick coating of a base metal (such asa chromium coating or the like) is typically disposed at the thirdsurface, and a less thick but still relatively thick and higherreflecting coating of an expensive metal, such as rhodium, palladium,platinum or ruthenium or the like, is overcoated at or over the basemetal layer to provide the desired reflectivity and appearance for themirror reflective element as viewed through the first surface of thefront substrate. The thickness of particularly the base metal layer(such as chromium) may be such that, in order to achieve a desired lowsheet electrical resistance for the overall mirror reflector for thelikes of larger area exterior electrochromic mirror reflective elementssuch as used for the likes of mid to large sized SUVs, trucks and/orminivans and/or the like, the base metal layer may exhibit roughness orunevenness in its outer surface, thus requiring an even thicker (andthus potentially more costly) overcoat of the likes of ruthenium or thelike so that the overall visible light reflectivity of the mirrorreflective element is enhanced and is not deleteriously impacted bysurface roughness.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a mirror reflector with a sandwich ofelectrically conductive layers disposed at a surface of a mirrorsubstrate. The layers provide the desired level of sheet electricallyconductivity and low surface resistance across the surface of thesubstrate, and preferably comprises a layer of silver or silver alloydisposed or sandwiched between layers of nickel chromium. A relativelythin layer of a high reflectivity material (such as ruthenium or thelike, and such as having a specular reflectivity of at least about 70percent to visible light incident thereon) is disposed over the outersurface of the second nickel chromium layer to provide the desiredreflectivity of the mirror reflective element and to provide a desiredappearance for the mirror reflective element.

These and other objects, advantages, purposes and features of thepresent invention will become apparent upon review of the followingspecification in conjunction with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a plan view of an exterior rearview mirror assembly inaccordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a reflective element assembly suitable foruse in the exterior rearview mirror assembly of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a side elevation of a coated substrate for a reflectiveelement assembly;

FIG. 4 is a side elevation of a coated substrate in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 5 is a sectional view of an electrochromic mirror reflectiveelement for an interior or exterior mirror assembly of a vehicle inaccordance with the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a coated rear substrate of theelectrochromic mirror reflective element of FIG. 5, showing anelectrical connector attached at a fourth surface coating at the rear orfourth surface of the coated rear substrate;

FIG. 7 is a schematic of a coating process for coating the surfaces ofthe rear substrate of FIG. 6 in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a sectional view of another coated rear substrate of thepresent invention;

FIG. 9 is a schematic of a coating process for coating the surfaces ofthe rear substrate of FIG. 8 in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a plan view of another exterior rearview mirror assemblyhaving a perimeter band or hiding band in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 11 is a sectional view of the exterior rearview mirror assembly ofFIG. 10;

FIG. 12 is a sectional view of another coated rear substrate of thepresent invention;

FIG. 13 is a schematic of a coating process for coating the surfaces ofthe rear substrate of FIG. 12 in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 14. is a sectional view of a front substrate of an electrochromaticreflective element having a perimeter band or hiding band in accordancewith the present invention; and

FIG. 15 is a sectional view of a rearview mirror assembly havingelectrical contacts at center regions along the second surface of thefront substrate and the fourth surface of the rear substrate inaccordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 16 is a plan view of the rearview mirror of FIG. 15, havingelectrical contacts at center regions along the second surface of thefront substrate and the fourth surface of the rear substrate inaccordance with the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now to the drawings and the illustrative embodiments depictedtherein, an exterior rearview mirror assembly 10 for a vehicle includesa mirror casing 12 and a reflective element 14, with the mirror casingattaching to a mounting structure 16 at the side of the vehicle 18.Mirror assembly 10 is adjustably mounted to an exterior portion of avehicle (such as to a side of the vehicle or door of the vehicle or thelike) via the mounting structure or mounting configuration or assembly16.

As shown in FIG. 2, reflective element 14 comprises an electro-optic(such as electrochromic) reflective element (but may comprise aprismatic or wedge-shaped reflective element), and includes a frontsubstrate 24 having a front or first surface 24 a (the surface thatgenerally faces the driver of a vehicle when the mirror assembly isnormally mounted at the vehicle) and a rear or second surface 24 bopposite the front surface 24 a, and a rear substrate 26 having a frontor third surface 26 a and a rear or fourth surface 26 b opposite thefront surface 26 a, with an electro-optic medium 28 disposed between thesecond surface 24 b and the third surface 26 a and bounded by aperimeter seal 30 of the reflective element (such as is known in theelectrochromic mirror art). The second surface 24 a has a transparentconductive coating 32 established thereat (such as an indium tin oxide(ITO) layer, or a doped tin oxide layer or any other transparentelectrically semi-conductive layer or coating or the like (such asindium cerium oxide (ICO), indium tungsten oxide (IWO), or indium oxide(IO) layers or the like or a zinc oxide layer or coating, or a zincoxide coating or the like doped with aluminum or other metallicmaterials, such as silver or gold or the like, or other oxides dopedwith a suitable metallic material or the like, or such as disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 7,274,501, which is hereby incorporated herein byreference in its entirety), while the third surface 26 a has a metallicreflector coating 34 (or multiple layers or coatings) establishedthereat. The front or third surface 26 a of rear substrate 26 mayinclude one or more transparent semi-conductive layers (such as an ITOlayer or the like), and one or more metallic electrically conductivelayers (such as a layer of silver, aluminum, chromium or the like or analloy thereof), and may include multiple layers such as disclosed inU.S. Pat. Nos. 7,274,501; 7,184,190 and/or 7,255,451, which are herebyincorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The mirrorreflector may comprise any suitable coatings or layers, such as atransflective coating or layer, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos.7,626,749; 7,274,501; 7,255,451; 7,195,381; 7,184,190; 6,690,268;5,140,455; 5,151,816; 6,178,034; 6,154,306; 6,002,511; 5,567,360;5,525,264; 5,610,756; 5,406,414; 5,253,109; 5,076,673; 5,073,012;5,115,346; 5,724,187; 5,668,663; 5,910,854; 5,142,407 and/or 4,712,879,which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties,disposed at the front surface of the rear substrate (commonly referredto as the third surface of the reflective element) and opposing theelectro-optic medium, such as an electrochromic medium disposed betweenthe front and rear substrates and bounded by the perimeter seal (butoptionally, the mirror reflector could be disposed at the rear surfaceof the rear substrate (commonly referred to as the fourth surface of thereflective element), while remaining within the spirit and scope of thepresent invention).

The third surface 26 a defines the active EC area or surface of the rearsubstrate within the perimeter seal 30. The coated third surface 26 amay also be coated to define a tab-out region (such as by utilizingaspects of the mirror assemblies described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,274,501;7,184,190 and/or 7,255,451, which are hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entireties) for providing electrical connection ofthe conductive layers to an electrical clip of connector or bus-bar,such as the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,066,112 and 6,449,082,which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Typically, for outside mirrors, they are conventionally third surfacereflectors. With reference to FIG. 3, the rear substrate 126 of anelectro-optic reflective element such as described above may comprise aglass substrate with third surface coatings or layers 134 establishedthereat. The third surface coatings 134 typically comprise a relativelythick electrically conductive base metal coating 140 (such as chromiumor other suitable material) and a less thick but still relatively thickhigher reflectivity overcoating or overlying layer 142 (such asruthenium or rhodium or platinum or palladium, or such as an alloy ofany one or more of ruthenium or rhodium or platinum or palladium witheach other or with another metal, or other suitable material).Typically, the desired performance of the mirror reflective element(including reflectivity and conductivity to darken or dim theelectrochromic medium) is achieved with an electrically conductivechrome or chromium underlayer overcoated with a high reflectivity layerof ruthenium or rhodium or platinum or palladium or the like, which areexpensive. Thus, in such dual layer mirror substrates, the underlyingbase or less expensive metal coating provides the electricallyconductive plane across the surface of the rearview mirror (typically anexterior mirror) and the overlying/overcoating more reflective layerprovides the required or desired reflectivity.

However, for larger exterior mirrors, such as may be used on a truck orlarge SUV or the like, to ensure uniformity of coloration from the edgesto the center of the reflective element (such as when the mirror isdimmed or darkened to reduce glare), and to avoid a visual iris effectthat can be noticeable and disagreeable to a viewer, it is importantthat the surface resistivity of the overall reflector be low (such asless than about 2 ohms per square, preferably less than about 1 ohms persquare, and more preferably less than 0.5 ohms per square). The likes ofchromium has a specific resistivity even in its sputter coated form ofaround 1×10⁻⁷ ohm.cm. Thus, to achieve the desired surface resistivityfor the likes of a large area mirror reflective element, a base metalchromium coating of around 2,000 Angstroms or thereabouts (or more orless) may be required. However, such thicker base metal coatings,because of their thickness, results in a rougher outer coated outersurface of the coating, such that when the base coating is overcoatedwith a higher reflectivity layer, such as a ruthenium layer or the like,the appearance (such as the reflectivity of the mirror reflectiveelement when viewed through the first surface of the mirror reflectiveelement) may be deleteriously affected, requiring a thicker andsometimes much thicker overcoating layer to compensate for the uneven orrough surface of the thicker base metal coating. For example, whilenormally a mirror manufacturer would like to put no more than about 150angstroms of ruthenium as an overcoating layer, the manufacturer mayhave to put about 400 angstroms or about 600 angstroms of ruthenium overthe uneven or rough surface of the base metal coating to achieve thedesired appearance and smoothness at the rear substrate of the mirrorreflective element.

A vehicular exterior sideview mirror has an aspect ratio of typicallyless than about 2.5 (which is the ratio of a maximum width dimension Wto a maximum height dim H (FIG. 1) when the mirror assemblyincorporating the reflective element is normally mounted at the exteriorside of a vehicle), and often less than about 1.5 or less than about1.25. And larger area mirror reflective elements typically have anelectrochromically active surface area of at least about 175 cm², oftengreater than about 225 cm², sometimes greater than about 275 cm² orthereabouts. For example, very large mirror reflective elements (such asa mirror reflective element having an active EC active surface area ofaround 300 cm²) may be suitable for large trucks or SUVs, such as, forexample, a MY 2011 Ford F-Series truck or a MY 2011 Dodge Ram truck orthe like.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a rear substrate 226 (such as for a large areamirror reflective element, such as a mirror reflective element having,for example, an area of up to or around 300 cm² or thereabouts, orgreater, and preferably having an aspect ratio of less than about 2.5,but could be applicable for larger or smaller reflective elements havingdifferent aspect ratios) is coated with a third surface layer 234 thatcomprises a sandwich of a nickel chromium (NiCr) layer 244 (such as NiCrthat is sputtered from a target having about a 80%/20% weightcomposition or such as other weight compositions, such as, for example,a 60%/40% weight composition) and a silver or silver alloy highconductor layer 246 and a second nickel chromium layer 250 (with thethree layer sandwich having a specific resistivity of 1×10⁻⁶ ohm.cm orthereabouts), which provides the desired low or reduced surfaceresistivity of less than 2 ohms per square. The high conductor layer 246of the present invention preferably has a specific resistivity of lessthan about 8×10⁻⁶ ohm.cm. The nickel chromium layers also provideenhanced adhesion and corrosion protection of the silver or silver alloylayer. The three layers 244, 246, 248 may then be overcoated with a thinlayer of a higher reflective coating or layer 250 (such as ruthenium orother suitable material). In the illustrated embodiment, the glasssubstrate 226 is coated with the nickel chromium layer 244 having athickness of around 300 angstroms (but could be thinner or thicker),which is overcoated with the silver (or silver alloy) layer 246 having athickness of between about 100 angstroms and about 1,000 angstroms (butcould be thinner or thicker), which is overcoated with the second nickelchromium layer 248 having a thickness of about 300 angstroms (but couldbe thinner or thicker). The electrically conductive sandwich of layersis then overcoated with a ruthenium layer having a thickness of about200 angstroms to about 400 angstroms (but could be thinner or thicker).Clearly, other thicknesses of the materials may be implemented toachieve the desired electrical conductivity and low surface resistanceand high reflectivity for the reflective element, while remaining withinthe spirit and scope of the present invention. Also, it has been foundthat that NiCr works well, but other suitable nickel alloys could beused and/or different percent weight concentrations of Ni and Cr couldbe used.

Such a NiCr/Ag/NiCr/Ru coating or stack configuration can achieve asurface resistance of less than about 0.5 ohms per square and canachieve a reflectivity of light incident thereon of at least about 70% R(as measured such as using a Standard Illuminant A and a photopicdetector, such as is prescribed in SAE J964a, which is herebyincorporated herein by reference in its entirety, for the visible lightreflecting off of the overcoating ruthenium layer and as viewed andmeasured at the overcoating ruthenium layer, such as can be seen at A inFIG. 4), whereas conventional coatings of chromium and ruthenium mayachieve a surface resistance of about 2 ohms per square or more and mayachieve a reflectivity of light incident thereon of less than around 70%R. Moreover, as discussed above, with conventional coatings, as the basemetal or chromium layer is made thicker (such as about 1,500 angstromsor more) to get the surface resistance down to around 2 ohms per square,the base metal coating surface becomes rough and it is difficult to getthe desired reflectivity from the Cr/Ru stack without using a relativelythick overcoating layer of ruthenium, further adding to the cost of thereflective element.

Optionally, it is envisioned that one or more of the layers of theNiCr/Ag/NiCr stack may extend outboard of the perimeter seal and maywrap around a portion of the perimeter edge of the substrate to providean electrically conductive wrap around to the fourth or rear surface ofthe rear substrate. The tab-out or wrap around portion or region mayprovide electrical connection of the conductive layers to an electricalclip of connector or bus-bar, such as the types described in U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,066,112 and 6,449,082, which are hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entireties, and such as by utilizing aspects of themirror assemblies described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,274,501; 7,184,190and/or 7,255,451, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference intheir entireties).

The NiCr/Ag/NiCr stack of the present invention is much smoother thanthe conventional thick Cr layer, such that the stack of the presentinvention allows for a reduced overcoating layer of ruthenium or thelike. Also, the NiCr/Ag/NiCr sandwich of layers achieves a very lowresistivity (such as about 1.5×10⁻⁸ ohm.cm or thereabouts), whichprovides a very high electrical conductivity and low surface resistancethird surface coating with reduced amount of material. Thus, the baseelectrically conductive layers (such as NiCr/Ag/NiCr) and theovercoating layer (such as Ru) may provide a low surface resistance ofthe overall mirror reflector of less than about 1 ohms per square, andmore preferably less than 0.5 ohms per square, and may achieve a surfaceresistance of about 0.1 ohms per square or lower. Because thethicknesses of the layers are reduced compared to a conventionally thick(such as about 2,000 angstroms) layer of chromium, the thinner layers ofthe NiCr/Ag/NiCr stack limits the surface roughness that occurs whensputter coating thicker layers such as conventionally done. TheNiCr/Ag/NiCr stack of layers of the present invention thus areparticularly suitable for large area mirror reflective elements, such asfor trucks and large SUVs or the like (which may have an active EC areaof at least about 200 cm² to about 300 cm² or more and an aspect ratioof less than about 2.5 and often less than about 1.5 or less than about1.25).

Also, the smoother surface allows for a reduced amount of ruthenium (orother highly reflective material) to be disposed thereat or thereover,in order to achieve the desired reflectivity (and it is envisioned thatthe coatings or layers of the present invention may provide up to abouta 30 percent reduction in the amount of ruthenium used in theovercoating layer as compared to conventional coatings). We also find,by using NiCr, a reduced conductivity sensitivity to vacuum coater leaksand thus less stringent requirements on base pressure performance withinthe vacuum chamber. The composite stack exhibits less intrinsic stressand less pinholes and/or the like, and thus less deformation of fixturemasking as compared to a conventional thicker chromium coating. It isfound that when sputtering chromium from the likes of a planar magnetronchromium sputtering target in a sputter vacuum deposition chamber, thesputtered chromium tends to break down residual water (H₂O) in thesputtering chamber to hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂), thus potentiallyinterfering with loading of cryopumps, leading to the need forregeneration of the cryopumps during the vacuum coating or sputteringprocess. The present invention reduces this effect by reducing theamount of chromium that is to be sputtered onto the substrate. Thepresent invention also provides a reduced need for sandblasting (coatershielding and fixtures) because of the reduced amount of sputteredmaterial/unit time. Also, the present invention provides increased meantimes between vacuum coater preventative maintenance operations, andoverall provides reduced money spent on coater/fixture maintenance.Another advantage of use of a NiCr alloy coating is that a sputteringtarget made of a nickel chromium is non-magnetic as compared to, forexample, a pure nickel target that is magnetic, and such magnetictargets make it difficult to utilize planar magnetron sputtering targetsor techniques or other magnetron assisted sputtering targets ortechniques.

Thus the present invention provides a stack of coatings that providereduced surface resistance at the rear substrate and enhancedreflectivity of light incident thereon. For example, a typical knownreflective element may have a layer of chromium of about 2,000 angstromsthick established on the surface of the rear substrate, with anovercoating layer of ruthenium of about 600 angstroms thick, which mayprovide a surface resistance of the overall reflector of around 2 ohmsper square and reflectivity of light incident at the ruthenium coatingof around 65% R to 70% R or thereabouts. In comparison, an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention may comprise a layer of NiCr ofabout 300 angstroms thick, a layer of silver of about 1,000 angstromsthick, a second layer of NiCr of about 300 angstroms thick and anovercoating layer of ruthenium of about 400 angstroms thick, which mayprovide a surface resistance of the overall reflector of around 0.1 ohmsper square and reflectivity of light incident at the ruthenium coatingof around 70% R or more.

The materials selected for the stack of layers provide the desired lowsurface resistivity and enhanced reflection of light incident at thecoated substrate. For example, the specific resistivity of bulk silveris about 1.6×10⁻⁶ ohm.cm, while the specific resistivity of bulkchromium is about 1.3×10⁻⁵ ohm.cm, and the specific resistivity of bulkNiCr is about 1.1×10⁻⁴ ohm.cm, and the specific resistivity of bulkruthenium is about 7.2×10⁻⁶ ohm.cm, and other nickel alloys andthicknesses may be selected depending on the particular application.

The stack of layers of the present invention thus may provide reducedsurface resistance of the overall mirror reflector at the third surfaceof the rear substrate of the mirror reflective element, and may provideenhanced reflectivity of light incident on the overcoating layer at thethird surface of the rear substrate. Also, the stack of layers of thepresent invention are environmentally robust, and testing has shownfavorable results in environmental testing, including an 85 degreesC./85% RH (relative humidity) test chamber, and a salt mist test, asteam autoclave test and a 150 degree C. dry bake test. Suchenvironmental robustness is particularly beneficial for and makes themirror reflective element of the present invention particular suitablefor exterior mirror applications, where the mirror reflective element isexposed to environmental extremes throughout the life cycle of themirror assembly and vehicle.

Optionally, other materials may be used in further combination with theNiCr/Ag/NiCr stack of layers discussed above. For example, because theNiCr/Ag/NiCr stack may be softer than a conventional chromium layer (dueto the softness of the silver layer), the stack may include a materialor alloy to increase the hardness of the stack. For example, an APCalloy (silver-palladium-copper) may be utilized with the NiCr/Ag/NiCrstack to increase the hardness of the stack, while the palladium mayimprove the corrosion resistance of the silver. Also, optionally, toenhance the adhesion of the ruthenium layer on the NiCr/Ag/NiCr stack, athin layer of chromium (such as about 200 angstroms thick) may beestablished over the second NiCr layer to provide an adhesion boosterlayer between the ruthenium (or other overcoating layer) and theNiCr/Ag/NiCr stack of layers.

Additionally, a mirror substrate coated in accordance with the presentinvention provides for enhanced performance and appearance to the mirrorreflective element and mirror assembly when the mirror assembly ismounted on a vehicle. For example, the reflective element may providelower % R and faster transition speeds, and these are tangible productcompetitive advantages, especially for large area outside EC mirrors.Also, the coating layers of the present invention provide more uniformcoloration and thus enhanced appearance, and allows for more latitude incell gap selection.

Optionally, an electro-optic reflective element assembly (such as anelectrochromic reflective element assembly) in accordance with thepresent invention may comprise a front glass substrate and a rear glasssubstrate with an electro-optic medium disposed therebetween, with therear glass substrate having a third surface reflector coating thatcomprises chromium, and with a wraparound portion that wraps around andcoats a perimeter cut edge of the rear glass substrate and a portion ofthe fourth or rear surface of the rear glass substrate, in order tofacilitate establishing an electrical connection to the third surfacereflector coating at the fourth surface of the rear glass substrate. Therear glass substrate may also be coated by an overcoating layer, such asa thin layer of ruthenium or the like, that overcoats the chromium layerto provide enhanced environmental robustness to the coated substrate andto provide enhanced adhesion of the electrical connector at the fourthsurface (such as via a silver conductive epoxy or ink disposed betweenor at the interface of the electrical connector and the rutheniumovercoating).

For example, and with reference to FIG. 5, an electrochromic reflectiveelement 310 comprises a front substrate 312 and a rear glass substrate314 with an electrochromic medium 316 disposed therebetween and boundedby a perimeter seal 317. The front substrate 312 has a front or firstsurface 312 a and a rear or second surface 312 b, with a transparentconductive coating 318 (such as an indium tin oxide or ITO coating orthe like) established thereat, while the rear substrate 314 has a frontor third surface 314 a and a rear or fourth surface 314 b, with ametallic reflector coating or coatings 320 established at the thirdsurface 314 a and optionally around or along a perimeter cut edge 314 cof the rear substrate and partially onto or over the fourth surface 314b of the rear substrate. The electrochromic medium 316 is disposedbetween and in contact with the conductive coatings at the rear surfaceof the front substrate and the front surface of the rear substrate, suchas in a known manner.

With such third surface reflector electrochromic reflective elementassemblies, it is known to provide a layer of chromium at the third orfront surface of the rear substrate, with an overcoating layer ofruthenium, and with both coatings covering a substantial portion of thethird surface of the rear substrate, a perimeter cut edge portion of therear substrate and a portion of the fourth surface of the rearsubstrate, such that the coatings wraparound the substrate to provide anelectrical connection area or region at the rear surface or fourthsurface of the rear substrate. The ruthenium layer or overcoating layeris provided to enhance the adhesion of an electrical connector at thefourth surface connection region, such as via a silver conductive epoxyor ink or the like disposed at the interface of the connector and thefourth surface conductive coating. This is because a silver epoxy onchromium coating interface may be unstable and may provide a non-ohmic,high resistance contact, and thus may not be desired. Although theruthenium layer provides enhanced adhesion at the connector interface,the ruthenium layer may significantly add to the cost of the reflectiveelement assembly.

The present invention provides an overcoating layer (that is coated overa reflector coating of chromium or the like) at least at the fourthsurface connecting region or area that replaces the ruthenium coatingand that comprises a silver alloy material. For example, the silveralloy coating may comprise a silver-palladium-copper alloy with a 98-1-1percent weight of Ag—Pd—Cu. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the rearsubstrate 314 may have a chromium layer portion 322 a established at thefront or third surface 314 a, a chromium layer portion 322 b establishedat the cut edge region 314 c, and a chromium layer portion 322 cestablished at the rear or fourth surface 314 b of the rear substrate314. Also, an overcoating layer 324 (such as a thin ruthenium coating)may be established at and may overcoat the chromium layer portion 322 aat the front or third surface 314 a of the rear substrate, while asilver alloy layer 326 (such as an Ag—Pd—Cu—98-1-1 percent weightcomposition or alloy) is established at and overcoating the chromiumlayer portion 322 c at the rear or fourth surface 314 b of the rearsubstrate 314. The chromium layer portion 322 b at the cut edge region314 c of the rear substrate 314 may be partially overcoated by aconductive coating layer 328 that may comprise either or both of theruthenium coating 324 and the silver alloy coating or layer 326.

During manufacture of the mirror reflective element assembly, and withreference to FIG. 7, the coatings or layers may be sputter deposited onthe surfaces of the rear substrate via suitable sputter targets, such asin a known manner (and/or such as by utilizing aspects of the mirrorassemblies and assembly processes described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,255,451,which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Forexample, and as shown in FIG. 7, the rear substrate 314 may be masked byone or more masks or masking elements 330 and then conveyed or moved orpositioned at the sputter targets, such as chromium sputter targets 332,334 for sputter coating the chromium material at the front and rearsurfaces and cut edge surface of the rear substrate. After the chromiumcoating or layer is deposited at a desired thickness on the surface orsurfaces, the rear substrate is moved to or positioned at overcoatingtargets, such as, for example, a ruthenium target 336 for sputtercoating the ruthenium coating material at the front surface andoptionally at least a portion of the cut edge surface of the rearsubstrate, and such as a silver alloy target 338 for sputter coating thesilver alloy coating material at the rear surface and at least a portionof the cut edge surface of the rear substrate.

After the substrate is coated, an electrical connector 340 may beattached or adhered at the silver alloy coating layer 326, such as via asilver conductive epoxy (or ink) 342 disposed at and between theelectrical connector 340 (which may comprise any suitable connector,such as a silver plated nickel connector or tab that an electrical leador wire may clip or otherwise connect to) and the silver alloy coating326. Electrical connection may be established at the electricalconnector 340 so that electrical power may be provided to the thirdsurface conductive coatings for dimming or varying the reflectance ofthe reflective element assembly.

Thus, the present invention may reduce costs by eliminating the use ofruthenium at the fourth surface of the reflective element, particularlyfor frameless EC mirror assemblies. The silver alloy overcoatingprovides suitable characteristics that are comparable to ruthenium, suchas environmental stability and robustness and conductivity andconnectivity, while providing a reduced cost as compared to therelatively expensive ruthenium coatings. Further, the silver alloyovercoating provides enhanced performance as compared to otherovercoatings, such as a pure silver overcoating layer or the like. Also,the contact resistance and stability between Cr-APC-Silver epoxy (ink)is substantially enhanced as compared to adhesion of the epoxy to a puresilver overcoating.

The sputtered silver alloy APC (Ag—Pd—Cu 98/1/1% wt) has shown excellentcorrosion resistance in corrosion testing, such as in salt mist/spraytest and 85 degrees C./85 percent high temp/high humidity tests (such asby placing samples of coated substrates in an 85 degrees C./85% RH(relative humidity) test chamber). Such testing has shown that a puresilver coating falls apart in a day or two under such testingconditions, while the samples coated with the APC silver-based alloyprovide enhanced performance. For example, after one day in a saltmist/spray, the samples with a pure silver overcoating showed hazing andafter two days in the salt mist/spray were substantially eroded, whilethe silver alloy samples (having an overcoating layer of the APC alloythat is about 500 angstroms thick) were still in good condition aftertwo weeks in the salt mist/spray test, and in the 85 degrees C./85% RHtest chamber, the silver coating was corroding after about a week, whilethe silver alloy samples were substantially unchanged during similartime periods.

Although shown and described as comprising an Ag—Pd—Cu silver alloy, itis envisioned that other silver alloys or silver-based alloys (such as,for example, a silver-based alloy commercially available from WilliamsAdvanced Materials, Inc. of Buffalo, N.Y., under the tradename Sil-X™,and/or such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,033,730, which is herebyincorporated herein by reference in its entirety, or the like) may beimplemented at the fourth surface connection area or region, whileremaining within the spirit and scope of the present invention. It isfurther envisioned that use of such silver alloys or silver-based alloys(such as the Ag—Pd—Cu material described above) may be suitable for useat the third surface and wraparound region so that the rutheniumovercoating layer may be completely eliminated.

The sputtered silver alloy coatings have also been tested for robustnesscompared to pure silver coatings when exposed to an electrochromicmedium, such as comprising a solid polymer matrix (SPM) formulation.Such SPM compositions may contain halide impurities, with batch to batchvarying concentrations, from the chemical synthesis process. Testing hasshown that pure silver coatings have visible hazing with pitting whenexposed directly to SPM and may have substantial hazing if the halideimpurity concentrations in the SPM are high. Testing of reflectiveelement assemblies or cells filled with SPM having high impurityconcentrations has shown that pure silver coatings turn hazy after onlya few hours of exposure and, after two weeks of baking, the pure silvercoatings are hazy and milky, while, to the contrary, coatings comprisingthe APC alloy and/or the Sil-X™ material are substantially unchanged.

Optionally, and with reference to FIGS. 8 and 9, the rear substrate 414may have a nickel chromium (NiCr) layer portion 422 a established at thefront or third surface 414 a and a chromium layer portion 422 cestablished at the rear or fourth surface 414 b of the rear substrate414. A silver or silver alloy coating 423 (such as an APC coating asdescribed above or the like) is disposed at or over the NiCr layerportion 422 a. A second NiCr coating or layer 425 is disposed at or overthe silver or silver alloy coating 423 at the front surface 414 a. Also,an overcoating layer 424 (such as a thin ruthenium coating) may beestablished at and may overcoat the layers of the NiCr layer portion 422a, the silver or silver alloy coating 423, and the second NiCr layer 425at the front or third surface 414 a of the rear substrate 414, while asilver alloy coating 427 (such as an APC coating or the like, such as anAg—Pd—Cu—98-1-1 percent weight composition or alloy) is established atand overcoats the chromium layer portion 422 c at the rear or fourthsurface 414 b of the rear substrate 414. The cut edge surface or region414 c of the rear substrate 414 may be partially or entirely overcoatedby a conductive coating layer 428 that may comprise any or all of thechromium coating 422 c, the first NiCr coating 422 a, the silver orsilver alloy coating 423, the second NiCr coating 425, the rutheniumcoating 424 and the rear surface silver alloy coating or layer 427.

During manufacture of the mirror reflective element assembly, and withreference to FIG. 9, the coatings or layers may be sputter deposited onthe surfaces of the rear substrate via suitable sputter targets, such asin a known manner (and/or such as by utilizing aspects of the mirrorassemblies and assembly processes described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,255,451,which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Forexample, and as shown in FIG. 9, the rear substrate 414 may be masked byone or more masks or masking elements 430 and then conveyed or moved orpositioned at the sputter targets, such as chromium sputter targets 434and NiCr sputter targets 432 for sputter coating the chromium materialor layer 422 c and the NiCr material or layer 422 a at the respectivefront and rear surfaces of the rear substrate and at least partially atthe cut edge surface 414 c of the rear substrate. After the chromium andNiCr coatings or layers are deposited at a desired thickness on thesurface or surfaces, the rear substrate is moved to or positioned atovercoating targets, such as, for example, a silver or silver alloy(such as APC or the like) target 438, which establishes the silver orsilver alloy coating or layer 423 at the first NiCr layer 422 a at thefront surface 414 a of the rear substrate (and at least partially at thecut edge surface), and the substrate is then moved to or positioned atovercoating targets 440, 442, with target 440 establishing the secondNiCr layer 425 at and over the silver or silver alloy layer 423 andfirst NiCr layer 422 a at the front surface 414 a of the rear substrate(and at least partially at the cut edge surface), and with the target442 establishing the silver alloy (such as APC) layer 427 at the rearsurface of the substrate and at and overcoating the chromium layer 422 cand at least a portion of the cut edge surface of the rear substrate.The coated substrate is moved to or positioned at a ruthenium target 436for sputter coating the ruthenium coating material or layer 424 at thefront surface and optionally at least a portion of the cut edge surfaceof the rear substrate.

After the substrate is coated, an electrical connector may be attachedor adhered at the silver alloy coating layer, such as via a silverconductive epoxy (or ink) disposed at and between the electricalconnector (which may comprise any suitable connector, such as a silverplated nickel connector or tab that an electrical lead or wire may clipor otherwise connect to) and the silver alloy coating, such as in asimilar manner as described above. Electrical connection may beestablished at the electrical connector so that electrical power may beprovided to the third surface conductive coatings for dimming or varyingthe reflectance of the reflective element assembly.

Optionally, the reflective element may include a metallic perimeter bandaround the perimeter of the reflective element, such as by utilizingaspects of the reflective elements described in U.S. Pat. Nos.7,626,749; 7,274,501; 7,184,190; and/or 7,255,451, and/or U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/226,628, filed Sep. 14, 2005 and published Mar.23, 2006 as U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0061008, which are herebyincorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Optionally, theperimeter band may comprise a chrome/chromium coating or metalliccoating and may comprise a chrome/chromium or metallic coating that hasa reduced reflectance, such as by using an oxidized chrome coating orchromium oxide coating or “black chrome” coating or the like (such as byutilizing aspects of the mirror assemblies described in U.S. Pat. No.7,184,190 and/or 7,255,451, which are hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entireties). Optionally, the mirror reflectiveelement may comprise a frameless reflective element (such as a framelessexterior mirror assembly or a frameless interior mirror assembly), suchas by utilizing aspects of the reflective elements described in U.S.Pat. Nos. 7,626,749; 7,360,932; 7,289,037; 7,255,451; 7,274,501; and/or7,184,190, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2010/32017, filed Apr. 22,2010 and published Oct. 28, 2010 as International Publication No. WO2010/124064; and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2010/51741, filed Oct. 7,2010 and published Apr. 14, 2011 as International Publication No. WO2011/044312; and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2011/056295, filed Oct.14, 2011, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/226,628, filed Sep.14, 2005 and published Mar. 23, 2006 as U.S. Publication No.US-2006-0061008; and/or Ser. No. 10/538,724, filed Jun. 13, 2005 andpublished Mar. 9, 2006 as U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0050018, whichare hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Optionally, for example, the perimeter band may comprise a dark or darkcolored band for a frameless EC mirror. Optionally, the perimeter bandmaterial may comprise a “black chrome” type of material, such asCr/CrO_(x) or the like. Optionally, the band material may be based onCr/Si and may produce a dark blue colored band. The Cr/Si material mayprovide enhanced appearance and may be easier to produce as compared toCr/CrO_(x) because the Cr/Si material does not involve reactivesputtering of Cr in O₂ to produce CrO_(x) and the deposition rates ofCr/Si are typically higher than Cr/CrO_(x).

Optionally, the perimeter band may comprise multiple layers or coatings.For example, and as can be seen with reference to FIGS. 10 and 11, areflective element assembly 510 (such as for an exterior rearview mirrorassembly of a vehicle) includes a perimeter band 550 disposed along theperimeter region of the rear or second surface 512 b of the frontsubstrate 512. In the illustrated embodiment, the perimeter band 550comprises a first layer 552 of nickel chromium (NiCr) deposited orestablished at the second surface 512 b of the front glass substrate 512and around or along the perimeter region of the substrate surface, witha layer 554 of silver or silver alloy (such as an APC alloy or the like)deposited or established over the first layer of NiCr 552, and with asecond layer 556 of NiCr deposited or established over the silver orsilver alloy layer 554. The perimeter band stack of layers may be overcoated with a transparent conductive coating 518 (such as ITO or thelike) that is deposited or established at the second surface or rearsurface 512 b of the front glass substrate 512 (such as an ITO coatinghaving a thickness of, for example, about 1200 angstroms or more or lessand providing a sheet resistance of, for example, about 12 ohms/squareor more or less). Such a stack of layers for the perimeter band providesincreased electrical conductivity at the band, which enhances the speedof coloring/dimming and bleaching of the electrochromic reflectiveelement and enhances the uniformity of the coloring/dimming andbleaching of the electrochromic reflective element. Although shown inFIG. 10 as being an exterior mirror reflective element assembly, aspectsof the present invention may be incorporated into an interior mirrorreflective element assembly while remaining within the spirit and scopeof the present invention.

Optionally, and with reference to FIGS. 12 and 13, a rear substrate 614of a rearview mirror assembly may have a nickel chromium (NiCr) layerportion 622 a established at the front or third surface 614 a and anickel chromium layer portion 622 b established along the perimeter edgeof the rear substrate between the first and third surfaces and a nickelchromium layer portion 622 c established at the rear or fourth surface614 b of the rear substrate 614. A silver or silver alloy coating 623(such as an APC coating as described above or the like) is disposed ator over the NiCr layer portions 622 a, 622 b, 622 c. A second NiCrcoating or layer 625 is disposed at or over the silver or silver alloycoating 623 at the front surface 614 a, perimeter edge or cut edgesurface or region 614 c and the rear surface 614 b. Also, an overcoatinglayer 624 (such as a thin ruthenium coating) may be established at andmay overcoat the layers of the NiCr layer portions 622 a-c, the silveror silver alloy coating 623, and the second NiCr layer 625 at the frontor third surface 614 a and the cut edge surface 614 c and the rearsurface 614 b of the rear substrate 614. The cut edge surface or region614 c of the rear substrate 614 thus may be partially or entirelyovercoated by a conductive coating layer 628 that may comprise any orall of the first NiCr coating 622 b, the silver or silver alloy coating623, the second NiCr coating 625 and the ruthenium coating 624. Thus,the rear substrate 614 has a rear surface conductive coating or stack ofcoatings 629 at the rear surface of the rear substrate (that comprisesthe first NiCr coating 622 c, the silver or silver alloy coating 623,the second NiCr coating 625 and the ruthenium coating 624) and generallyalong a perimeter region of the rear surface of the rear substrate andin electrical conductive continuity with the coatings established at thefront or third surface of the rear substrate.

During manufacture of the mirror reflective element assembly, and withreference to FIG. 13, the coatings or layers may be sputter deposited onthe surfaces of the rear substrate via suitable sputter targets, such asin a known manner (and/or such as by utilizing aspects of the mirrorassemblies and assembly processes described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,255,451,which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Forexample, and as shown in FIG. 13, the rear substrate 614 may be maskedby one or more masks or masking elements 630 and then conveyed or movedor positioned at the sputter targets, such as nickel chromium (NiCr)sputter targets 634 and 632 for sputter coating the Nickel chromiummaterial or layers 622 a-c at the front and rear surfaces of the rearsubstrate and at least partially at the cut edge surface 614 c of therear substrate. After the NiCr coatings or layers are deposited at adesired thickness on the surface or surfaces, the rear substrate ismoved to or positioned at overcoating targets, such as, for example,silver or silver alloy (such as APC or the like) targets 638 and 639,which establish the silver or silver alloy coating or layer 623 at thefirst NiCr layers 622 a-c, and the substrate is then moved to orpositioned at NiCr overcoating targets 640, 642, which establish thesecond NiCr layer 625 at and over the silver or silver alloy layer 623at the front and rear surfaces of the rear substrate (and at leastpartially at the cut edge surface). The coated substrate is then movedto or positioned at a ruthenium targets 636, 644 for sputter coating theruthenium coating material or layer 624 at the front and rear surfacesand optionally at least a portion of the cut edge surface of the rearsubstrate.

Optionally, the reflective element may include a metallic perimeter bandaround the perimeter of the front substrate of the reflective element,such as described above and/or such as by utilizing aspects of thereflective elements described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,626,749; 7,274,501;7,184,190; and/or 7,255,451, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/226,628, filed Sep. 14, 2005 and published Mar. 23, 2006 as U.S.Publication No. US-2006-0061008, which are hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entireties. Optionally, the perimeter band maycomprise multiple layers or coatings. For example, and as can be seenwith reference to FIG. 14, a front glass substrate 612 for a reflectiveelement assembly (such as for an exterior rearview mirror assembly of avehicle) includes a perimeter band 650 disposed along the perimeterregion of the rear or second surface 612 b of the front substrate 612.In the illustrated embodiment, the perimeter band 650 comprises a firstlayer of chromium 651 deposited or established at the second surface 612b of the front glass substrate 612 and around or along the perimeterregion of the substrate surface, with a layer of nickel chromium (NiCr)652 deposited or established over the first layer 651, and with a layer654 of silver or silver alloy (such as an APC alloy or the like)deposited or established over the first layer of NiCr 652, and with asecond layer 656 of NiCr deposited or established over the silver orsilver alloy layer 654. The perimeter band stack of layers may be overcoated with a transparent conductive coating 618 (such as ITO or thelike) that is deposited or established at the second surface or rearsurface 612 b of the front glass substrate 612 (such as an ITO coatinghaving a thickness of, for example, about 1200 angstroms or more or lessand providing a sheet resistance of, for example, about 12 ohms/squareor more or less).

Such a stack of layers for the perimeter band provides increasedelectrical conductivity at the band, which enhances the speed ofcoloring/dimming and bleaching of the electrochromic reflective elementand enhances the uniformity of the coloring/dimming and bleaching of theelectrochromic reflective element. Also, the addition of the thinchromium layer 651 (such as about a 700 angstrom thick layer orthereabouts) at the rear glass surface provides enhanced appearance ofthe reflective element due to the hiding function of the chromium layer,which conceals or hides the perimeter band layers 652, 654, 656 disposedbehind and at the chromium layer 651. This is beneficial because it hasbeen found that the APC and NiCr layers may yellow or tint during theprocess of coating the transparent conductive layer or ITO layer 618 atthe rear surface 612 b of the front substrate 612 (where the glasssubstrate is heated to a temperature of about 350 degrees C.), possiblydue to migration or interfusion of the APC into the NiCr layer or layerswhen the substrate and perimeter band coatings or layers are heated.Aspects of the present invention may be incorporated into an interiormirror reflective element assembly or an exterior mirror reflectiveelement assembly while remaining within the spirit and scope of thepresent invention.

After the front and rear substrates (such as, for example, frontsubstrate 612 and rear substrate 614, discussed above) are coated andassembled together to form the mirror reflective element 610 (FIGS. 15and 16), an electrical connector may be attached or adhered at thecoating or stack of coatings 629 established at the rear surface 614 bof the rear substrate and at the perimeter band 650 and ITO layer 618established at the perimeter region of the rear surface 612 b of thefront substrate, such as via a silver conductive epoxy (or ink) disposedat and between the electrical connector (which may comprise any suitableconnector, such as a silver plated nickel connector or tab that anelectrical lead or wire may clip or otherwise connect to) and the silveralloy coating, such as in a similar manner as described above.Electrical connection may be established at the electrical connector sothat electrical power may be provided to the third surface electricallyconductive coatings and to the second surface transparent electricallyconductive coating for dimming or varying the reflectance of thereflective element assembly.

Typically, such electrical connections are established at a bead ofconductive epoxy that is disposed substantially along a coated perimeterregion of the rear surface of the rear substrate and a bead ofconductive epoxy that is disposed substantially along one of theperimeter edges coated with the perimeter band layer at the rear surfaceof the front substrate. Because of the low sheet resistance of thecoatings or layers at the rear surface of the rear substrate and the lowsheet resistance of the perimeter band layers at the rear surface of thefront substrate (where both layers may provide a conductive layer thatprovides a sheet resistance of less than about 1 ohm per square,preferably less than about 0.5 ohms per square, and preferably less thanabout 0.25 ohms per square or thereabouts, at the respective substratesurfaces), the present invention avoids the necessity of a bead ofconductive epoxy disposed substantially along perimeter regions of thefront and rear substrates. Instead, the reflective element of thepresent invention provides an electrical connection or point contact orlocalized contact at a center region of the respective front and rearsubstrates. Locating the electrical connection at the geometrical centeror center region of the reflective element substrates is preferred toprovide more uniform dimming of the electrochromic medium of thereflective element when power is applied at the connection locations.

For example, and as shown in FIGS. 15 and 16, an electrical contact orconnection 660 is established at the conductive layer 629 at the rearsurface 614 b of the rear substrate 614, while an electrical contact orconnection 662 is established at the conductive perimeter band 650 andtransparent conductive coating 618 at the rear surface 612 b of thefront substrate 612. In the illustrated embodiment, the electricalconnections comprise a small amount of a conductive epoxy disposed ordispensed at the center region of the perimeter region of the respectivesubstrates. An electrical lead or clip may be electrically conductivelyconnected at the conductive epoxy (or a clip may be provided thatobviates the need for the conductive epoxy) to provide electricalconnection to a point or localized central region of the perimeterregion of the respective substrate. Although described as a small amountof conductive epoxy locally dispensed at the central region of theperimeter region of the respective substrate, clearly other means forestablishing an electrically conductive connection at the perimeterregion of the substrate may be implemented, such as, for example,ultrasonic soldering of a wire or lead at the coated perimeter region orthe like, while remaining within the spirit and scope of the presentinvention.

Thus, the reduced sheet resistance provided by the perimeter bandcoatings and the rear substrate coatings of the present invention (whichhave substantially reduced sheet resistance as compared to conventionalcoatings) provides for localized electrical connections at thesubstrates that obviate the use of a bead of conductive epoxy that hastypically previously been dispensed along substantially the entireperimeter region of the substrates. Thus, the present invention mayprovide for a substantial cost savings due to the substantial reductionin use of conductive epoxy (or nearly or complete elimination of theconductive epoxy) for making or establishing electrical contact to theelectrically conductive coatings or layers at the front and rearsubstrates of the reflective element (and reduction in processing by nolonger dispensing a bead of conductive epoxy along the perimeter regionof the substrates).

As discussed above, the rearview mirror reflective element assembly ofthe present invention comprises an electro-optic or electrochromicreflective element assembly or cell, such as an electrochromic mirrorreflective element assembly with coated substrates that are coatedutilizing principles disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos.7,310,178; 7,274,501; 7,255,451; 7,195,381; 7,184,190; 6,690,268;5,140,455; 5,151,816; 6,178,034; 6,154,306; 6,002,511; 5,567,360;5,525,264; 5,610,756; 5,406,414; 5,253,109; 5,076,673; 5,073,012;5,115,346; 5,724,187; 5,668,663; 5,910,854; 5,142,407; 4,712,879;5,825,527; and/or 5,818,625, and/or U.S. Publication No. US2010/0321758, published Dec. 23, 2010, which are hereby incorporatedherein by reference in their entireties, and/or as disclosed in thefollowing publications: N. R. Lynam, “Electrochromic AutomotiveDay/Night Mirrors”, SAE Technical Paper Series 870636 (1987); N. R.Lynam, “Smart Windows for Automobiles”, SAE Technical Paper Series900419 (1990); N. R. Lynam and A. Agrawal, “Automotive Applications ofChromogenic Materials”, Large Area Chromogenics: Materials and Devicesfor Transmittance Control, C. M. Lampert and C. G. Granquist, EDS.,Optical Engineering Press, Wash. (1990), which are hereby incorporatedby reference herein in their entireties. Optionally, the electrochromiccircuitry and/or a glare sensor (such as a rearward facing glare sensorthat receives light from rearward of the mirror assembly and vehiclethrough a port or opening along the casing and/or bezel portion and/orreflective element of the mirror assembly) and circuitry and/or anambient light sensor and circuitry may be provided on one or morecircuit boards of the mirror assembly that receives or incorporates themirror reflective element assembly or cell constructed in accordancewith the present invention.

Typically, the material for the substrates comprises glass, such assoda-lime glass or the like, but other materials, such as polycarbonateor other polymeric materials may be utilized without affecting the scopeof the present invention. The completed mirror cells or reflectiveelement assemblies include a front substrate and a rear substrate. Therear substrate may have a reflective coating on its front surface(toward the front substrate when the substrates are sandwiched together,and typically referred to as the third surface of the mirror reflectiveelement assembly), while the front substrate may have a transparentsemiconductive coating, such as a coating of indium tin oxide (ITO) ordoped indium tin oxide or the like, on its rear surface (toward the rearsubstrate when the substrates are sandwiched together, and typicallyreferred to as the second surface of the mirror reflective elementassembly).

Although shown as having generally flush edges, the cells manufacturedby the process of the present invention may have generally orsubstantially flush edges or offset edges or overhang regions or thelike, while remaining within the spirit and scope of the presentinvention, such as the types of cells described in U.S. Pat. Nos.7,274,501; 7,184,190 and/or 7,255,451, which are hereby incorporatedherein by reference in their entireties, or may have other forms orshapes, such as the mirror shapes described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,110,156,and/or shown in U.S. Design Pat. Nos. D493,131 and/or D493,394, whichare hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.Optionally, aspects of the present invention may be used in mirrorreflective element assemblies that utilize aspects of the reflectiveelement assemblies and mirror assemblies described in U.S. Des. Pat.Nos. D633,423; D633,019; D638,761; and/or 0647,017, and/or PCTApplication No. PCT/US2011/056295, filed Oct. 14, 2011, and/or PCTApplication No. PCT/US2010/032017, filed Apr. 22, 2010 and publishedOct. 28, 2010 as International Publication No. WO 2010/124064, and/orPCT Application No. PCT/US10/51741, filed Oct. 7, 2010 and publishedApr. 14, 2011 as International Publication No. WO 2011/044312, and/orU.S. Pat. No. 7,253,723 and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/414,190, filed Mar. 30, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,154,418, and/orU.S. provisional applications, Ser. No. 61/614,877, filed Mar. 23, 2012;Ser. No. 61/601,756, filed Feb. 22, 2012; Ser. No. 61/590,578, filedJan. 25, 2012; Ser. No. 61/565,541, filed Dec. 1, 2011; and/or Ser. No.61/558,623, filed Nov. 11, 2011, which are hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entireties.

Although shown and described as being implemented in an exteriorrearview mirror assembly, aspects of the present invention may besuitable for application with interior rearview mirror assemblies, whichare typically attached to an interior portion of the vehicle, such as toan inner surface of a vehicle windshield (such as to a mounting buttonor attachment element adhered to the interior surface of the vehiclewindshield). The mirror assembly may be mounted at or attached to aninterior portion of the vehicle (such as to a mounting button or thelike at an interior surface of the vehicle windshield or the like) viaany mounting means, such as a single ball or single pivot mountingarrangement, or a double ball or double pivot mirror mountingarrangement. Examples of double pivot or double ball mountingarrangements are described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,646,210and 6,331,066, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference intheir entireties. The mounting assembly may be mounted to a mountingbutton or attachment element at the vehicle windshield via a breakawaymounting construction, such as by utilizing aspects of the mountingconstructions described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,774,810; 6,642,851;6,483,438; 6,366,213; 6,326,900; 6,222,460; 6,172,613; 6,087,953;5,820,097; 5,377,949; 5,330,149 and/or 5,100,095, which are herebyincorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The mountingassembly may utilize aspects of the mounting assemblies described inU.S. Pat. Nos. 6,318,870; 6,593,565; 6,690,268; 6,540,193; 4,936,533;5,820,097; 5,100,095; 7,249,860; 6,877,709; 6,329,925; 7,289,037;7,249,860; and/or 6,483,438, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/226,628, filed Sep. 14, 2005 and published Mar. 23, 2006 as U.S.Publication No. US-2006-0061008, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/258,850, filed Sep. 22, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,451,332; and/orSer. No. 12/912,253, filed Oct. 26, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,851,690,which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties).Optionally, the mirror assembly may incorporate a mounting arrangementof the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,289,037; 7,249,860; and/or7,448,589, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/522,446, filedJan. 19, 2005 and published Nov. 10, 2005 as U.S. Patent Publication No.2005-0248168, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties.

Although such transflective reflective element assemblies are capable oftransmitting the illumination or display information through theassembly, it is sometimes desirable to provide a window in the metallicreflective coating through which the display information or illuminationmay be transmitted. Typically, such windows in the reflective coating oftransflective reflective element assemblies are desirable for a glaresensor (such as a photo sensor or the like, such as a glare sensorand/or an ambient light sensor and electrochromic automatic dimmingcircuitry described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,793,690; 5,193,029; and/or7,004,593, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference intheir entireties) or the like to be positioned at, in order to allowsubstantial transmission of light from the rear of the mirror assemblyor vehicle through the reflective element assembly to the glare sensorpositioned within the mirror assembly. The sensors may comprise glaresensors or photo sensors (such as sensors of the types described in U.S.Pat. Nos. 4,793,690; 5,193,029 and/or 7,004,593, which are all herebyincorporated herein by reference in their entireties), or touch orproximity sensors (such as the sensors of the types described in U.S.Pat. No. 7,249,860, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference inits entirety).

Optionally, the mirror assembly may include one or more displays, suchas the types disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,530,240 and/or 6,329,925,and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/333,337, filed Dec. 21, 2011;and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2011/056295, filed Oct. 14, 2011 andpublished Apr. 19, 2012 as International Publication No. WO 2012/051500,which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties,and/or display-on-demand transflective type displays, such as the typesdisclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,855,755; 7,626,749; 7,581,859; 7,338,177;7,274,501; 7,255,451; 7,195,381; 7,184,190; 5,668,663; 5,724,187 and/or6,690,268, and/or in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/226,628, filedSep. 14, 2005 and published Mar. 23, 2006 as U.S. Publication No.US-2006-0061008; and/or Ser. No. 10/538,724, filed Jun. 13, 2005 andpublished Mar. 9, 2006 as U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0050018, whichare all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, sothat the displays are viewable through the reflective element, while thedisplay area still functions to substantially reflect light, in order toprovide a generally uniform prismatic reflective element even in theareas that have display elements positioned behind the reflectiveelement. The display element may be any type of display element, such asa vacuum fluorescent (VF) display element, a light emitting diode (LED)display element, such as an organic light emitting diode (OLED) or aninorganic light emitting diode, an electroluminescent (EL) displayelement, a liquid crystal display (LCD) element, a video screen displayelement or backlit thin film transistor (TFT) display element or thelike, and may be operable to display various information (as discretecharacters, icons or the like, or in a multi-pixel manner) to the driverof the vehicle, such as passenger side inflatable restraint (PSIR)information, tire pressure status, and/or the like. The mirror assemblyand/or display may utilize aspects described in U.S. Pat. Nos.7,184,190; 7,255,451; 7,446,924 and/or 7,338,177, which are all herebyincorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The thicknessesand materials of the coatings on the substrates, such as on the thirdsurface of the reflective element assembly, may be selected to provide adesired color or tint to the mirror reflective element, such as a bluecolored reflector, such as is known in the art and such as described inU.S. Pat. Nos. 5,910,854; 6,420,036; and/or 7,274,501, which are herebyincorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Such displaydevices may transmit the display information or illumination through atransflective, third surface reflective element assembly, such asdescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,668,663; 5,724,187; 6,690,268; 7,195,381;7,184,190; 7,255,451; and/or 7,274,501, which are all herebyincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Optionally, a display and any associated user inputs may be associatedwith various accessories or systems, such as, for example, a tirepressure monitoring system or a passenger air bag status or a garagedoor opening system or a telematics system or any other accessory orsystem of the mirror assembly or of the vehicle or of an accessorymodule or console of the vehicle, such as an accessory module or consoleof the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,289,037; 6,877,888;6,824,281; 6,690,268; 6,672,744; 6,386,742; and 6,124,886, and/or U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/538,724, filed Jun. 13, 2005 andpublished Mar. 9, 2006 as U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0050018, whichare hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

The display may comprise a video display and may utilize aspects of thevideo display devices or modules described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,855,755;6,690,268; 7,184,190; 7,274,501; 7,370,983; and/or 7,446,650, and/orU.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/538,724, filed Jun. 13, 2005 andpublished Mar. 9, 2006 as U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0050018, whichare all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Thevideo display may be operable to display images captured by one or moreimaging sensors or cameras at the vehicle. The imaging device andcontrol and image processor and any associated illumination source, ifapplicable, may comprise any suitable components, and may utilizeaspects of the cameras and vision systems described in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,550,677; 5,877,897; 6,498,620; 5,670,935; 5,796,094; 6,396,397;6,806,452; 6,690,268; 7,005,974; 7,123,168; 7,004,606; 6,946,978;7,038,577; 6,353,392; 6,320,176; 6,313,454; and 6,824,281, which are allhereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The cameraor camera module may comprise any suitable camera or imaging sensor, andmay utilize aspects of the cameras or sensors described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/091,359, filed Apr. 24, 2008 and published Oct.1, 2009 as U.S. Publication No. US-2009-0244361, U.S. Pat. Nos.7,965,336 and/or 7,480,149, which are hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entireties. The imaging array sensor may comprise anysuitable sensor, and may utilize various imaging sensors or imagingarray sensors or cameras or the like, such as a CMOS imaging arraysensor, a CCD sensor or other sensors or the like, such as the typesdescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,965,336; 7,720,580; 5,550,677; 5,670,935;5,760,962; 5,715,093; 5,877,897; 6,922,292; 6,757,109; 6,717,610;6,590,719; 6,201,642; 6,498,620; 5,796,094; 6,097,023; 6,320,176;6,559,435; 6,831,261; 6,806,452; 6,396,397; 6,822,563; 6,946,978;7,339,149; 7,038,577; and 7,004,606; and/or PCT Application No.PCT/US2008/076022, filed Sep. 11, 2008 and published Mar. 19, 2009 asInternational Publication No. WO/2009/036176, and/or PCT Application No.PCT/US2008/078700, filed Oct. 3, 2008 and published Apr. 9, 2009 asInternational Publication No. WO/2009/046268, which are all herebyincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

The camera module and circuit chip or board and imaging sensor may beimplemented and operated in connection with various vehicularvision-based systems, and/or may be operable utilizing the principles ofsuch other vehicular systems, such as a vehicle headlamp control system,such as the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,796,094; 6,097,023;6,320,176; 6,559,435; 6,831,261; 7,004,606; and 7,339,149, and U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/105,757, filed Apr. 14, 2005, now U.S.Pat. No. 7,526,103, which are all hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entireties, a rain sensor, such as the typesdisclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,353,392; 6,313,454;6,320,176; and/or 7,480,149, which are hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entireties, a vehicle vision system, such as aforwardly, sidewardly or rearwardly directed vehicle vision systemutilizing principles disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,859,565; 5,550,677;5,670,935; 5,760,962; 5,877,897; 5,949,331; 6,222,447; 6,302,545;6,396,397; 6,498,620; 6,523,964; 6,611,202; 6,201,642; 6,690,268;6,717,610; 6,757,109; 6,802,617; 6,806,452; 6,822,563; 6,891,563; and6,946,978, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference intheir entireties, a trailer hitching aid or tow check system, such asthe type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,005,974, which is herebyincorporated herein by reference in its entirety, a reverse or sidewardimaging system, such as for a lane change assistance system or lanedeparture warning system or for a blind spot or object detection system,such as imaging or detection systems of the types disclosed in U.S. Pat.Nos. 7,881,496; 7,720,580; 7,038,577; 5,929,786 and/or 5,786,772, and/orU.S. provisional applications, Ser. No. 60/628,709, filed Nov. 17, 2004;Ser. No. 60/614,644, filed Sep. 30, 2004; Ser. No. 60/618,686, filedOct. 14, 2004; Ser. No. 60/638,687, filed Dec. 23, 2004, which arehereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, a videodevice for internal cabin surveillance and/or video telephone function,such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,760,962; 5,877,897; 6,690,268;and/or 7,370,983, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/538,724,filed Jun. 13, 2005 and published Mar. 9, 2006 as U.S. Publication No.US-2006-0050018, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference intheir entireties, a traffic sign recognition system, a system fordetermining a distance to a leading or trailing vehicle or object, suchas a system utilizing the principles disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.6,396,397 and/or 7,123,168, which are hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entireties, and/or the like.

Optionally, the circuit board or chip may include circuitry for theimaging array sensor and or other electronic accessories or features,such as by utilizing compass-on-a-chip or EC driver-on-a-chip technologyand aspects such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,255,451 and/or U.S.Pat. No. 7,480,149; and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/226,628,filed Sep. 14, 2005 and published Mar. 23, 2006 as U.S. Publication No.US-2006-0061008, and/or Ser. No. 12/578,732, filed Oct. 14, 2009, whichare hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Optionally, the mirror assembly may include a compass system and compasscircuitry, such as a compass system utilizing aspects of the compasssystems described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,289,037; 7,249,860; 7,004,593;6,642,851; 4,546,551; 5,699,044; 4,953,305; 5,576,687; 5,632,092;5,677,851; 5,708,410; 5,737,226; 5,802,727; 5,878,370; 6,087,953;6,173,508; 6,222,460; and/or 6,513,252, and/or European patentapplication, published Oct. 11, 2000 under Publication No. EP 0 1043566,which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties. The compass circuitry may include compass sensors, such as amagneto-responsive sensor, such as a magneto-resistive sensor, amagneto-capacitive sensor, a Hall sensor, a magneto-inductive sensor, aflux-gate sensor or the like. The sensor or sensors may be positioned atand within a base portion of the mirror assembly so that thesensor/sensors is/are substantially fixedly positioned within thevehicle, or may be attached or positioned within the mirror casing. Notethat the magneto-responsive sensor used with the mirror assembly maycomprise a magneto-responsive sensor, such as a magneto-resistivesensor, such as the types disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,255,442;5,632,092; 5,802,727; 6,173,501; 6,427,349; and/or 6,513,252 (which arehereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties), or amagneto-inductive sensor, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,878,370(which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), or amagneto-impedance sensor, such as the types described in PCT PublicationNo. WO 2004/076971, published Sep. 10, 2004 (which is herebyincorporated herein by reference in its entirety), or a Hall-effectsensor, such as the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,278,271;5,942,895 and/or 6,184,679 (which are hereby incorporated herein byreference in its entirety). The sensor circuitry and/or the circuitry inthe mirror housing and associated with the sensor may include,processing circuitry. For example, a printed circuit board may includeprocessing circuitry which may include compensation methods, such asthose described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,546,551; 5,699,044; 4,953,305;5,576,687; 5,632,092; 5,677,851; 5,708,410; 5,737,226; 5,802,727;5,878,370; 6,087,953; 6,173,508; 6,222,460; and 6,642,851, which are allhereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The compasssensor may be incorporated in or associated with a compass system and/ordisplay system for displaying a directional heading of the vehicle tothe driver, such as a compass system of the types described in U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,924,212; 4,862,594; 4,937,945; 5,131,154; 5,255,442; 5,632,092;7,289,037 and/or 7,004,593, which are all hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entireties.

Optionally, the mirror assembly may include user inputs that maycomprise buttons or switches for controlling or activating/deactivatingone or more electrical accessories or devices of or associated with themirror assembly. The mirror assembly may comprise any type of switchesor buttons, such as touch or proximity sensing switches, such as touchor proximity switches of the types described above, or the inputs maycomprise other types of buttons or switches, such as those described inU.S. Pat. Nos. 6,001,486; 6,310,611; 6,320,282; 6,627,918; 6,690,268;7,224,324; 7,249,860; 7,253,723; 7,255,451; 7,360,932; and/or 7,446,924,and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/538,724, filed Jun. 13, 2005and published Mar. 9, 2006 as U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0050018,and/or Ser. No. 12/576,550, filed Oct. 12, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No.8,465,161, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference intheir entireties, or such as fabric-made position detectors, such asthose described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,504,531; 6,501,465; 6,492,980;6,452,479; 6,437,258; and 6,369,804, which are hereby incorporatedherein by reference in their entireties.

Optionally, the user inputs or buttons may comprise user inputs for agarage door opening system, such as a vehicle based garage door openingsystem of the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,396,408; 6,362,771;7,023,322; and 5,798,688, which are hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entireties. The user inputs may also or otherwisefunction to activate and deactivate a display or function or accessory,and/or may activate/deactivate and/or commence a calibration of acompass system of the mirror assembly and/or vehicle. The compass systemmay include compass sensors and circuitry within the mirror assembly orwithin a compass pod or module at or near or associated with the mirrorassembly. Optionally, the user inputs may also or otherwise compriseuser inputs for a telematics system of the vehicle, such as, forexample, an ONSTAR® system as found in General Motors vehicles and/orsuch as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,862,594; 4,937,945; 5,131,154;5,255,442; 5,632,092; 5,798,688; 5,971,552; 5,924,212; 6,243,003;6,278,377; and 6,420,975; 6,477,464; 6,946,978; 7,308,341; 7,167,796;7,004,593; and/or 6,678,614, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/538,724, filed Jun. 13, 2005 and published Mar. 9, 2006 as U.S.Publication No. US-2006-0050018, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/529,715, filed Mar. 30, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,657,052, which areall hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Optionally, the mirror assembly may include one or more otheraccessories at or within the mirror casing or otherwise associated withor near the mirror assembly, such as one or more electrical orelectronic devices or accessories, such as antennas, including globalpositioning system (GPS) or cellular phone antennas, such as disclosedin U.S. Pat. No. 5,971,552, a communication module, such as disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 5,798,688, a blind spot detection system, such asdisclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,929,786 and/or 5,786,772, transmittersand/or receivers, such as a garage door opener or the like, a digitalnetwork, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,575, a high/lowheadlamp controller, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,796,094and/or 5,715,093 and/or U.S. provisional application Ser. No.61/785,565, filed May 15, 2009, a memory mirror system, such asdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,796,176, a hands-free phone attachment, avideo device for internal cabin surveillance and/or video telephonefunction, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,760,962 and/or5,877,897, a remote keyless entry receiver, lights, such as map readinglights or one or more other lights or illumination sources, such asdisclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,690,268; 5,938,321; 5,813,745; 5,820,245;5,673,994; 5,649,756; 5,178,448; 5,671,996; 4,646,210; 4,733,336;4,807,096; 6,042,253; 5,669,698; 7,195,381; 6,971,775; and/or 7,249,860,microphones, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,243,003; 6,278,377;and/or 6,420,975; and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/529,715,filed Mar. 30, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,657,052, speakers, antennas,including global positioning system (GPS) or cellular phone antennas,such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,971,552, a communication module,such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,688, a voice recorder, a blindspot or object detection system, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.8,058,977; 7,720,580; 5,929,786; 5,786,772; 7,492,281; 7,038,577 and6,882,287, transmitters and/or receivers, such as for a garage dooropener or a vehicle door unlocking system or the like (such as a remotekeyless entry system), a digital network, such as described in U.S. Pat.No. 5,798,575, a high/low headlamp controller, such as a camera-basedheadlamp control, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,796,094 and/or5,715,093, and/or U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/785,565,filed May 15, 2009, a memory mirror system, such as disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 5,796,176, a hands-free phone attachment, an imaging system orcomponents or circuitry or display thereof, such as an imaging and/ordisplay system of the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,881,496;7,526,103; 7,400,435; 6,690,268 and 6,847,487, and/or U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/578,732, filed Oct. 14, 2009; and/or Ser. No.12/508,840, filed. Jul. 24, 2009, an alert system, such as an alertsystem of the types described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2010/25545,filed Feb. 26, 2010, a video device for internal cabin surveillance(such as for sleep detection or driver drowsiness detection or the like)and/or video telephone function, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,760,962 and/or 5,877,897, a remote keyless entry receiver, a seatoccupancy detector, a remote starter control, a yaw sensor, a clock, acarbon monoxide detector, status displays, such as displays that displaya status of a door of the vehicle, a transmission selection (4wd/2wd ortraction control (TCS) or the like), an antilock braking system, a roadcondition (that may warn the driver of icy road conditions) and/or thelike, a trip computer, a tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) receiver(such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,124,647; 6,294,989; 6,445,287;6,472,979; 6,731,205; and/or 7,423,522, and/or U.S. provisionalapplication Ser. No. 60/611,796, filed Sep. 21, 2004), and/or an ONSTAR®system, a compass, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,924,212;4,862,594; 4,937,945; 5,131,154; 5,255,442; and/or 5,632,092, a controlsystem, such as a control system of the types described in U.S.provisional application Ser. No. 61/186,573, filed Jun. 12, 2009, and/orany other accessory or circuitry or the like (with the disclosures ofthe above-referenced patents and patent applications and provisionalapplications and PCT applications being hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entireties).

The accessory or accessories may be positioned at or within the mirrorcasing and may be included on or integrated in the printed circuit boardpositioned within the mirror casing, such as along a rear surface of thereflective element or elsewhere within a cavity defined by the casing,without affecting the scope of the present invention. The useractuatable inputs described above may be actuatable to control and/oradjust the accessories of the mirror assembly/system and/or an overheadconsole and/or an accessory module/windshield electronics module and/orthe vehicle. The connection or link between the controls and the systemsor accessories may be provided via vehicle electronic or communicationsystems and the like, and may be connected via various protocols ornodes, such as BLUETOOTH®, SCP, UBP, J1850, CAN J2284, Fire Wire 1394,MOST, LIN, FLEXRAY™, Byte Flight and/or the like, or other vehicle-basedor in-vehicle communication links or systems (such as WIFI and/or IRDA)and/or the like, depending on the particular application of themirror/accessory system and the vehicle. Optionally, the connections orlinks may be provided via wireless connectivity or links, such as via awireless communication network or system, such as described in U.S. Pat.No. 7,004,593, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety, without affecting the scope of the present invention.

Optionally, a reflective element assembly of the present invention (suchas for an interior or exterior rearview mirror assembly) may include aphoto sensor or light sensor (such as the types described in U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,831,268; 6,742,904; 6,737,629; 5,406,414; 5,253,109; 4,799,768;4,793,690; and/or 7,004,593, which are hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entireties) at the rear or fourth surface of thereflective element assembly, such that the photo sensor detects lightpassing through the reflective element assembly. Examples of suchconfigurations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,793,690; 5,550,677;5,193,029 and/or 7,004,593, which are all hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entireties. The reflective element assembly, thus mayhave a window or transmissive port or portion at the photo sensor or,and preferably, may comprise a transflective display on demand (DOD)type reflective element assembly or cell, such as, for example, thetypes described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,668,663; 5,724,187; 6,690,268;7,195,381; 7,274,501; 7,255,451 and/or 7,184,190, which are all herebyincorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The transflectivereflective element assembly may have a fixed attenuation such that onlya relatively small amount of light passes therethrough, such as about 12to 25 percent of the light incident on the reflective element assembly,such that the signal to dark current ratio generated at the sensor maybe substantially reduced. Because the photo sensor may have a relativelysmall sensing area, the sensor may not receive or sense a substantialamount of light passing through the reflective element assembly.Therefore, it is envisioned that a light concentrator (such as a lensand/or light channel and/or light pipe and/or other light concentratingdevice) may be positioned at the photo sensor to focus or direct thelight passing through a larger area of the reflective element assemblyonto the smaller sensing area of the photo sensor.

Note that electrochromic mirror cells or reflective element assembliesmade such as by any of the processes of the present invention can beincluded in complete mirror assemblies that include a variety ofadded-features, such as lighting, telematics functionality andelectronics, such as are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,657,052;7,308,341; 7,195,381; 7,167,796; 7,004,593; 6,690,268; 6,477,464;6,472,979; 6,445,287; 6,420,975; 6,294,989; 6,278,377; 6,243,003;6,042,253; 5,938,321; 5,924,212; 5,813,745; 5,820,245; 5,669,698;5,673,994; 5,671,996; 5,649,756; 5,632,092; 5,255,442; 5,178,448;5,131,154; 4,937,945; 4,862,594; 4,807,096; 4,733,336; and/or 4,646,210,which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties.

Changes and modifications in the specifically described embodiments maybe carried out without departing from the principles of the presentinvention, which is intended to be limited only by the scope of theappended claims, as interpreted according to the principles of patentlaw.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A variable reflectance vehicularelectro-optic rearview mirror reflective element assembly comprising: afront substrate having a first surface that generally faces a driver ofa vehicle equipped with a mirror assembly that incorporates saidrearview mirror reflective element assembly; said front substrate havinga second surface opposite said first surface, wherein said secondsurface of said front substrate has a transparent electricallyconductive coating disposed thereat; a rear substrate having a thirdsurface and a fourth surface, wherein said third surface has aconductive coating disposed thereat; a perimeter seal disposed betweensaid front and rear substrates, said perimeter seal spacing said frontand rear substrates apart and forming an interpane cavity therebetween;wherein said third surface conductive coating comprises a plurality oflayers, and wherein said plurality of layers comprises (i) a first layerof nickel chromium, (ii) a silver or silver alloy layer established atsaid first layer of nickel chromium, (iii) a second layer of nickelchromium established at said silver or silver alloy layer, and (iv) areflective layer established at said second layer of nickel chromium;wherein said plurality of layers are disposed over a perimeter region ofsaid fourth surface of said rear substrate; and wherein said pluralityof layers has a sheet resistance of less than about 0.5 ohms per square.2. The mirror assembly of claim 1, wherein said reflective layercomprises one of ruthenium, rhodium, platinum and palladium.
 3. Themirror assembly of claim 1, wherein said first layer of nickel chromiumhas a thickness of no more than around 300 angstroms.
 4. The mirrorassembly of claim 3, wherein said silver or silver alloy layer has athickness of between about 100 angstroms and about 1,000 angstroms. 5.The mirror assembly of claim 4, wherein said second nickel chromiumlayer has a thickness of no more than about 300 angstroms.
 6. A variablereflectance vehicular electro-optic rearview mirror reflective elementassembly comprising: a front substrate having a first surface thatgenerally faces a driver of a vehicle equipped with a mirror assemblythat incorporates said rearview mirror reflective element assembly; saidfront substrate having a second surface opposite said first surface,wherein said second surface of said front substrate has a transparentelectrically conductive coating disposed thereat; a rear substratehaving a third surface and a fourth surface, wherein said third surfacehas a conductive coating disposed thereat; a perimeter seal disposedbetween said front and rear substrates, said perimeter seal spacing saidfront and rear substrates apart and forming an interpane cavitytherebetween; wherein said third surface conductive coating comprises aplurality of layers, and wherein said plurality of layers comprises (i)a first layer of nickel chromium, (ii) a silver or silver alloy layerestablished at said first layer of nickel chromium, (iii) a second layerof nickel chromium established at said silver or silver alloy layer, and(iv) a reflective layer established at said second layer of nickelchromium; wherein said first layer of nickel chromium has a thickness ofno more than around 300 angstroms; wherein said silver or silver alloylayer has a thickness of between about 100 angstroms and about 1,000angstroms; wherein said second nickel chromium layer has a thickness ofno more than about 300 angstroms; and wherein said reflective layercomprises a ruthenium layer having a thickness of about 200 angstroms toabout 400 angstroms.
 7. The mirror assembly of claim 6, wherein saidplurality of layers are disposed over a perimeter region of said fourthsurface of said rear substrate.
 8. The mirror assembly of claim 1,wherein electrical connection is established at said plurality of layersat said fourth surface at a central location of said perimeter region ofsaid fourth surface of said rear substrate.
 9. The mirror assembly ofclaim 1, wherein said front substrate has a perimeter band disposedalong a perimeter region of said second surface.
 10. A variablereflectance vehicular electro-optic rearview mirror reflective elementassembly comprising: a front substrate having a first surface thatgenerally faces a driver of a vehicle equipped with a mirror assemblythat incorporates said rearview mirror reflective element assembly; saidfront substrate having a second surface opposite said first surface,wherein said second surface of said front substrate has a transparentelectrically conductive coating disposed thereat; a rear substratehaving a third surface and a fourth surface, wherein said third surfacehas a conductive coating disposed thereat; a perimeter seal disposedbetween said front and rear substrates, said perimeter seal spacing saidfront and rear substrates apart and forming an interpane cavitytherebetween; wherein said third surface conductive coating comprises aplurality of layers, and wherein said plurality of layers comprises (i)a first layer of nickel chromium, (ii) a silver or silver alloy layerestablished at said first layer of nickel chromium, (iii) a second layerof nickel chromium established at said silver or silver alloy layer, and(iv) a reflective layer established at said second layer of nickelchromium; wherein said front substrate has a perimeter band disposedalong a perimeter region of said second surface; and wherein saidperimeter band comprises (i) a layer of chromium established at saidsecond surface, (ii) a first layer of nickel chromium established atsaid layer of chromium, (iii) a layer of silver or silver alloyestablished at said first layer of nickel chromium, and (iv) a secondlayer of nickel chromium established at said layer of silver or silveralloy.
 11. The mirror assembly of claim 10, wherein said perimeter bandhas a sheet resistance of less than about 0.5 ohms per square.
 12. Themirror assembly of claim 11, wherein electrical connection isestablished at said perimeter band at said second surface at a centrallocation of said perimeter region of said second surface of said frontsubstrate.
 13. The mirror assembly of claim 10, wherein said reflectivelayer comprises one of ruthenium, rhodium, platinum and palladium. 14.The mirror assembly of claim 10, wherein at least one of (i) said firstlayer of nickel chromium has a thickness of no more than around 300angstroms and (ii) said silver or silver alloy layer has a thickness ofbetween about 100 angstroms and about 1,000 angstroms.
 15. The mirrorassembly of claim 14, wherein said second nickel chromium layer has athickness of no more than about 300 angstroms.
 16. The mirror assemblyof claim 6, wherein said front substrate has a perimeter band disposedalong a perimeter region of said second surface.
 17. The mirror assemblyof claim 16, wherein said perimeter band has a sheet resistance of lessthan about 0.5 ohms per square.
 18. The mirror assembly of claim 17,wherein electrical connection is established at said perimeter band atsaid second surface at a central location of said perimeter region ofsaid second surface of said front substrate.
 19. The mirror assembly ofclaim 9, wherein said perimeter band has a sheet resistance of less thanabout 0.5 ohms per square.
 20. The mirror assembly of claim 19, whereinelectrical connection is established at said perimeter band at saidsecond surface at a central location of said perimeter region of saidsecond surface of said front substrate.